Does Title IX protect students from discrimination based on gender identity and gender expression?

Title IX is a federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in educational programs and activities. Over the years, interpretations of Title IX have expanded to include protections against discrimination based on gender identity and gender expression. This means that students are entitled to a learning environment free from discrimination related to their gender identity, such as transgender students facing unfair treatment or harassment due to their gender.

This broad interpretation is supported by various federal appellate court decisions and guidelines from the U.S. Department of Education, which have reinforced the idea that Title IX's protections extend beyond just biological sex to encompass the spectrum of gender identity and expression.

The other options reflect limited or incorrect interpretations of Title IX's reach. The notion that it only protects female or male students fails to recognize that Title IX is designed to address discrimination against all students, regardless of their gender. Therefore, the correct answer accurately highlights the inclusive nature of Title IX in safeguarding individuals from gender-based discrimination across the gender spectrum.